American Laws Protecting Companies from Cyber Crime

American Laws Protecting Companies from Cyber Crime The US federal government considers cyber crime as one of the most critical threats to its security alongside terrorism (Cowley, 2012). In fact, the government considers cyber attacks a threat to the national security, which has prompted enactment of a number of laws.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on American Laws Protecting Companies from Cyber Crime specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Since 1985, America has established several statutes with an aim of protecting the federal and state governments, organizations and the public from effects of internal and external cyber attacks (Cowley, 2012). Companies are required to comply with certain laws in order to ensure that their computer and communications systems do not provide cyber criminals with an easy target to execute their crimes. Although there is no single law that describes the specific way in which corporations should implement cyber security measures, a n umber of legislations seek to protect both the government and corporations from cyber crime. The purpose of this paper is to discuss legislations relevant to protecting corporations from cyber attacks, with a special reference to an organization dealing with management of equity fixed income property and allocation of asset funds. In October 2012, the American government issued a warning to organizations that the country might experience a possibility of what it calls ‘cyber-Pearl Harbor’ (Cowley, 2012). It warns that foreign computer hackers are likely to let loose chaos on America’s transportation system, information systems, power grid and financial networks. However, it considers a cyber havoc as the most probable and dangerous effect because most organizations do not have sophisticated measures to protect their intellectual property from cyber attacks. Case study: Legislations protect a hypothetical equity and assets firm from cyber crime The federal compute r Fraud and Abuse act 1984 is the first statute in the United States of America to protect intellectual property from theft and other forms of cyber crime. The statute was originally enacted with an aim of prosecuting hackers and those attempting to hack or attack computers and information systems in financial organizations or institutions of the federal government. Both organizations and the public sector have used this act to prosecute people who hack into their information systems. However, there are disagreements in courts over the use of the statute, which implies that the legislation is not effective for the financial institution in question to protect its intellectual property from cyber attacks (Cowley, 2012).Advertising Looking for research paper on administrative law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Being a financial institution dealing with figures and facts as its main item of trade, the company under dis cussion is likely to apply the Economic Espionage Act to prosecute people who attempt to hack into its information system or pose a threat to its intellectual property. This statute states that any acts of theft, intentional receipt of trade secrets and authorized copying of information or data is a crime that punishable under the law. It aims at criminalizing theft of trade secret, which protects governments, agents and financial organizations (Fischer, 2012). The Digital Millennium Copyright Act is a statute in the United States of America that seeks to protect the government and organizations from cyber attack by prosecuting IP theft. The statute considers theft of computer and computer systems’ identity as a crime. It seeks to protect organizations from people who fraud them of their intellectual property by illegally stealing the identity of their computers, internet servicers and other parts of the information system. By enacting the Wiretap Act, the federal government of the US aims at protecting privacy in communications between people in and out of organizations. The act criminalizes and seeks to prosecute people and organizations that attempt to involve in certain acts such as intentional or purposeful disclosure, intercept or use the contents of any wire, electronic or oral communication use a device (Cowley, 2012). The term device includes such objects as the computer, the internet, telephone, radio and other items of electronic communication. In addition, the act provides civil and criminal penalties for people who violate these regulations. However, it has a number of exceptions to when the violations are legal. Electronic Communications Privacy Act considers all writings, images, data, sound, transfer signals and intelligence that are transmitted through wire, electromagnetic, radio, photooptical or phoelectronic means as a property that needs protection. The statute sets down a number of requirements for arrests and search warrants. Stor ed Communications Act is the second title of the statute that seeks to protect communications held or on transit in electronic devices and channels such as the internet and computers (Fischer, 2012).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on American Laws Protecting Companies from Cyber Crime specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The Electronic Communications Privacy Act of 1986 is a federal statute in the United States of America that seeks to protect companies and public institutions from unauthorized access of government or corporation electronic communications. In fact, this statute is an extension of the omnibus crime control and safe act of 1986 (Tunstall, 2011). With respect to the above statutes, the company is obliged to comply with reporting regulations after it suffers a cyber attack or breach of its data. For instance, the SEC is involved in developing and publishing detailed guidelines that institutions need to follow when reporting events of cyber crime or breach of data. They also need to use these guidelines when disclosing information related to these events in case the attacks are likely to cause some effect on the their data, clients, liquidity, losses, pand business operations (Cowley, 2012). According to the regulations, disclosures must have specific content and in plain English (Tunstall, 2011). However, cybercrime disclosures are alarmingly infrequent in the United States, but it is important that the company comply with these rules and regulations (Kayman Elbaum, 2012). The law requires the company to comply with these laws in order to guarantee the customers, the public and other organizations reasonable degree of security for their information. However, the size of the company, the industry to which it belongs and the type of business it conducts determine how the company will comply with the law. There are minimum legal requirements the company must fulfill in order to p rovide maximum security for the information that it values as its assets. For example, it is mandatory for the company to be registered as a private company, a public liability company or a corporate. Secondly, the company must provide information regarding its size, value and nature of data as well as the number of customers it deals with. Moreover, it is necessary for the company to ensure that customers are provided with an ability to access their data but provide security so that their data is protected from cyber criminals. Finally, it is necessary for the company to comply with the regulations on disclosure of information on cyber attack to the relevant authorities, the prosecution and the courts if the offenders are brought in court for an offense related to crimes against the company’s intellectual property (Tunstall, 2011). References Cowley, S. (2012). FBI Director: Cybercrime Will Eclipse Terrorism. Web.Advertising Looking for research paper on administrative law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Fischer, E. A. (2012). Federal laws relating to cybersecurity: discussion of proposed law revisions. Congressional research service. Web. Kayman, S., Elbaum, L. (2012). Ninth Circuit Fuels Employee Misappropriation Debate. New York Law Journal 2(3), 15-16. Tunstall, M. K. (2011). Reporting Cyber Attacks and Data Security Breaches Guidance from the SEC. New York: SEC.

Dont Be Concerned About Ground Bees

Don't Be Concerned About Ground Bees Ground bees become active in early spring, and hardly sting. These bees dig nests in the ground, often in bare patches of the lawn or garden. If you find mounds of soil, similar to anthills but with larger openings, these may be ground bee nests. Watch for bees flying low over the ground and entering their burrows. Did You Know? Ground bees are non-aggressive, beneficial insects that rarely sting. In fact, the male bees lack a stinger entirely. Nesting season is limited to springtime. Unless you or a family member has an allergy, you can feel comfortable leaving the nest alone and letting the bees do their pollinating in peace. What Are Ground Bees? First and foremost, ground bees are beneficial insects which perform an important role as pollinators. Ground-nesting bees include the digger bees (family Anthoporidae), sweat bees (family Halictidae), and mining bees (family Andrenidae). Females are solitary creatures, excavating nests in dry soil. Each one will fastidiously mound the loose soil around her nest entrance, then provision her home with pollen and nectar for her offspring. Despite their solitary nature, its not unusual to find dozens of ground bee nests in one area if conditions are suitable for nesting. Males may fly over the burrows, patrolling for potential mates. Do Ground Bees Sting? Female ground bees can sting but, being non-aggressive by nature, rarely do. However, they will sting in defense if threatened. Males of some species may behave aggressively around nesting areas, but they lack a sting. How to Identify Ground Bee Nests Bumblebees also nest in underground burrows, though they typically use abandoned rodent burrows rather than excavate new ones. However, bumblebees live in social colonies. Observe a bee nest from a safe distance. Do you see a single bee coming and going, or multiple bees entering the nest? Social bees such as bumblebees will aggressively defend their nests, so make sure you identify them before you take any action. Yellowjackets also nest in the ground, and like bumblebees, often move into old rodent burrows. Some solitary wasps are ground nesters, as well. Make sure you know the differences between bees and wasps and never assume you have docile, ground bees. How to Control Ground Bees Before you decide to evict your ground bees, consider that these bees serve a valuable purpose as pollinators. Theyre not aggressive and, in most cases, you can still mow your lawn and continue regular outdoor activities without fear of being stung. Finally, nesting activity is limited to spring, so ground bees wont stay for long. Unless you have concerns for a family member with a bee venom allergy, its usually preferable to leave ground bees alone. Ground bees nest in dry soil, avoiding damp areas when choosing nest sites. Pesticides are not recommended for ground bee control.  The easiest, least-toxic method of controlling ground bees is simply watering the area. As soon as you see ground bee activity, start soaking the area with a full inch of water per week. This is usually enough to discourage the burrowing females and to make them relocate to drier ground. A thick layer of mulch on bare garden beds will also make ground bees think twice about nesting there.

How to use tactics of social influence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

How to use tactics of social influence - Essay Example These are usually outside factors that provide people with power - for instance, wealth, physical attractiveness, success in career. These factors place the person to a higher position compared to other people around. So even in case the person is not powerful as politician or military man, he may also possess the power that is not so evident but is also strong and intense. The singers and actors may serve as the example of the persons that possess this kind of power. They are not powerful in political sense, but they are attractive, recognized and successful, so they may influence other people. (Wikipedia) The researches observing social influence and social activity rapidly grow at present, as this problem is relevant in modern society. These researches may appear to be helpful in solving various social problems, as well as provide people with the measures that should be taken in case any kind of problem appears. Jan Bruins in his research observes the nature and effects of social influence and social power and their implementation in the relations of people, within the groups of people and among the groups of people. ... Various kinds of situations produce various kinds of effect that the influence may have: "For instance, in interpersonal situations, a faltering influence process can lead to the breakup of close personal relationships and to interpersonal aggression. At the intragroup level, it can lead to effects such as family violence and organizational burnout, and at the intergroup level it can result in discrimination and hostilities like gang wars and the Rodney King beating." (Bruins) The main subject for consideration is the way the social influence and power create the base for problems that individuals may face, both as individuals of as the representatives of a definite social group. The author also focuses on the problems that start on individual level, as they may produce effect that will touch upon higher levels of interpersonal communication. When the problems that appear on the individual level start to increase and spread its influence, this may lead to collective attempts to change the situation: "in combination, individual-level problems as directly addressed in this issue not only are interesting in their own right, but can also contribute to the occurrence of larger scale disruptions like the Los Angeles riots, student uprisings, and other forms of protest and civil unrest." (Bruins) In his investigation, author addresses historical context of the problems, observes earlier researches on this topic and describes conceptions and definitions that are related to the problems of social influence and power. The problems of power and social influences were observed by the social sciences within the centuries. Such famous philosophers and

The Role of Innovation in Kodak's Dowfall Research Paper

The Role of Innovation in Kodak's Dowfall - Research Paper Example From digital consumer electronics to household trinkets, everything can be sourced out from one part of the globe no matter how remote it may be. He also emphasized that introduction of different communication devices and platform that has increased the rate of information transfer. However, his comments about sustainability of a business in a globally competitive world is true. While consumers enjoy the benefits such as low prices and more options, local markets can also lose their business. Unemployment rises as downsizing occurs since global companies prefer outsourcing services due to a lower rate. Moreover, workers are not the only affected but big companies as well. Even big name companies like Eastman KODAK was not spared from the ugly head of globalization. Only this year, the Wall Street Journal announced the company’s filing or bankruptcy. It was a shock to the public considering that it has existed for 133 years. Yet, this is a glaring example that competitiveness i s the key to survival in a globalized economy. Hence, this paper will cite the main reasons behind the downfall of KODAK. Innovation is the main element for modern businesses to survive the rigors of globalization. The areas mainly responsible in an organization’s drive towards globalization would be marketing and management. Businesslink has stated in an article the necessity of innovation after creating a product or service. More so, when innovation is applied, it can help increase profitability because the value of products or services have increased. Consumers are always on the lookout for better products that go beyond their expectations. Apple is a market leader due to the ingenuity and creativity of its beloved founder- Steve Jobs. If a company fails to improve itself, it will bite the dust just as Kodak suffered. Management gurus like Peter Drucker is one of the most innovative minds despite his age. He has this uncanny sense of seeing how businesses should market the mselves in an evolving environment. In fact , he said that If an established organization , which in this age necessitates innovation, is not able to innovate, it faces decline and extinction. Drucker (qtd. in Trout, 2006) emphasized that Because the purpose of business is to create a customer, the business enterprise has two--and only two--basic functions: marketing and innovation. Marketing and innovation produce results; all the rest are costs. Marketing is the distinguishing, unique function of the business." Such words of truth should be the golden mean by companies today; moreover, Drucker emphasized the need to differentiate one’s products from the rest in order to survive the competition. Unfortunately, many businesses focus more on finances and operations and wonder later where they have failed. Although marketing does involve costs (along with innovation), it will be a constant source of revenue as long as the consumers are happy with the products. Innovation is oft en left behind because many managers are busy crunching numbers rather than developing ideas. Plus, innovation is often viewed by many business owners as costs, not as an investment. Innovation involves many creative processes that includes technology transformation as well as introduction of new strategies administered by the management (Shukla, 2009). Likewise, innovation, by itself, can be the main competitive feature of a company to rise

Juvenile Justice System in California Essay Example for Free

Juvenile Justice System in California Essay Does the Time Fit the Crime? This is a call to action, how much do we actually know about the California Juvenile Justice system? Have we given up on today’s youth? There are more than 2,500 juvenile offender’s states wide that have been sentenced to life in prison or life without parole. They are sent to adult court in which they were convicted for their crimes. This is costing California tax payers 2. 5 million dollars a year to house each offender, and approximately 252,000 a year per youth in the CYA (Krinsky, Pierce, Woodford,p1;Kita,p1). How does this affect their psychological development? Of the different races which is most effected? Is it teaching them to be better individuals or better criminals? What effects does it have on the youth’s family? Is justice being served? As of today there are 300 youth juveniles incarcerated in the state of California that have been given life or life without parole. Does race, social, and environmental factors play a role in the sentencing phase? Does the time fit the crime? Is it appropriate for juveniles to be sentenced as adults? The Juvenile Justice Court System was designed and dedicated to the adjudication of crimes committed by juvenile youth offenders. To be over seen by the Los Angeles Superior Court Division of Juvenile Courts (Shouselaw). Their sole purpose and goal is the rehabilitation of youth offenders. In 1943 the state of California opened CYA as a reform school; but today it functions similar to the adult prisons today (Kita, p1). Youth that are prosecuted in adult court are moved out of CYA at 18 and sent to adult prison to serve the reminder of their time (Kita, p1). Fewer juvenile offenders are being committed to CYA, and more are being sent directly to adult prison. â€Å" Despite declines in juvenile confinement over the last decade, California still has the 10th highest rate of juvenile incarceration in the nation (271 per 100,000) and the fifth highest White-Black racial disparity: Black children are incarcerated at 8. 5 times the rate of White children† (Children Defense Fund). â€Å" There are many factors and statistics used in the arguments for and against juvenile sentences of life without parole (LWOP), however the statistics involving he much higher percentage, of blacks serving life sentences than whites are very rarely mentioned† (Bell,p. 2). This is further data that supports the argument that black youth has the highest ratio of incarceration. The legislature is considering bill SB399 which would allow a second chance opportunity, this shows that the state of California Juvenile System is in need of reform and structuring. Without SB399 there isn’t any way to revisit these sentences. (Krinsky, Pierce, Woodford, p. 2). What immediate changes need to take place today to reduce the number of youths, being incarceration? According to the group Reforming the Juvenile Justice System, the United States is the only country in the world that sentences young people to life in prison without the possibility of parole for crimes they committed when they were teenagers (RJJS). In California approximately 300 youth have been given this sentence – a sentence to die in prison for mistakes they made during adolescence. According to â€Å"Human Rights Watch estimates, a majority of these young people (59 percent) were first time offenders, and almost half (45 percent) were convicted of murder but were not the ones who actually committed the murder† (RJJS). What can we do as a society and community to help carve the problem within our communities to ensure our youth are being treated fairly in the juvenile system? There are several problems and issues that the juvenile justice systems face today. Allegations of mistreatment, abuse, excessive force, 23 hour confinement in their cells, locking juveniles in cages at school, not providing adequate medical and mental health services, and perpetuation of gang related violence among the youth offenders. (Shouselaw,p.? ). We as a society have to raise the question? How have these problems and issues gone unaddressed for so long? Who do we hold accountable for these allegations? Therefore, asking how this effects their psychological development and how much of it impacts their social interactions and behavior. Youth advocates have argued that juvenile youth offenders’ brains are not mature enough to fully understand the seriousness of their crimes they’ve been accused of. The organization CDFCA has stated that: â€Å"Adolescent brain development research has helped us understand the ways that youth are fundamentally different from adults. With the prefrontal lobe of the brain still developing throughout the teenage years, adolescents have more difficulty processing information, making logical in-the-moment decisions, weighing long-term consequences, and avoiding peer pressure. Given this research in adolescent brain development, policymakers and even the Supreme Court have recognized that youth are less culpable than adults for their actions and more likely to be rehabilitated. The Children’s Defense Fund – CA believes strongly that policies around incarceration and sentencing should reflect these developmental differences, and that youth should be kept out of the adult criminal justice system and given the opportunity for rehabilitation† (RJJS,p. 1). Subsequently, providing the evidence of how broken the juvenile system truly is, Richard A. Mendel wrote, We now have overwhelming evidence showing that wholesale incarceration of juvenile offenders is a counterproductive public policy† (Mendel, p. 1) Stating that the current juvenile justice system. Which relies heavily on mass incarceration of teen offenders, is badly broken? The violence and abuse within youth facilities is bad enough, but these institutions also fail to rehabilitate the youth within them. (Mendel, p. 1) Adding reinforcement that something must be done immediately to save our youth; leaving us to wonder how these effects will ultimately shape their lives for the better or the worst. There is a sense of hopelessness and despair that illuminates over these juveniles. Are the sentences handed down in these cases justified? Has justice being served in these cases? Supports of juvenile reform has provided data and research that back their claims that black youth are being sentence to much long terms than any of other race. The Human Rights Watch organization conducted research in California and found that there is discrimination when sentencing black youth offenders: † The states application of the law is also unjust. Eighty-five percent of youth sentenced to life without parole are people of color, with 75 percent of all cases in California being African American or Hispanic youth. African American youth are sentenced to life without parole at a rate that is 18. 3 times the rate for whites. Hispanic youth in California are sentenced to life without parole at a rate that is five times the rate of white youth in the state California has the worst record in the country for racially disproportionate sentencing. In California, African American youth are sentenced to life without parole at rates that suggest unequal treatment before sentencing courts. This unequal treatment by sentencing courts cannot be explained only by white and African American youths differential involvement in crime† (HRWO,p. 1). In addition to discrimination they also found that â€Å"In California alone, more than half of the youth sentenced are first time offenders with no previous criminal record. The Human Rights Watch survey of these inmates also found that many had not actually committed the murder and that their adult codefendants actually received a lesser sentence† (HRWO,p1). Therefore, pointing out that these youth offenders did not have adequate representation. The organization Human Rights Watch wrote: â€Å"Poor legal representation often compromises a just outcome in juvenile life without parole cases. Sending Approximately 227 youth have been sentenced to die in Californias prisons. They have not been sentenced to death: the death penalty was found unconstitutional for juveniles by the United States Supreme Court in 2005. Instead, these young people have been sentenced to prison for the rest of their lives, with no opportunity for parole and no chance for release. Forty-five percent of youth reported that they were held legally responsible for a murder committed by someone else. In California, the vast majority of those 17 years old and younger sentenced to life without the possibility of parole was convicted of murder. Showing that nationally 59 percent of youth sentenced to life without paroles are first-time offenders, without single juvenile court adjudication on their records† (HRWO, p1-3. ). Furthermore, this research support their claims that race, social, and environment factors play a major role in sentencing. Providing addition evidence that black and Latino juveniles are treated unfairly and justice is not being served. In conclusion, the California Juvenile Justice System is in dire need of reform. In January of this year Govern Jerry Brown, proposed is plan to end the juvenile justice division by March 2015(sfgate. com). Thus answering the questions posed there are a great deal, of problems and issues that must be addressed immediately. Like the mass incarceration of youth juveniles and mishandling of sentencing in these cases. And the harsh unfair life sentences or life without parole, which will have long term effects on their psychological development, which will impact their social and behavior interactions. This will limit their chance of ever being release. And give them an opportunity to start over with a clean slide. Furthermore, leaven a profound impact on the lives of their families. Shedding light on a decade of unfair inappropriate actions on behave of the courts. In which justice was not served in any of the cases.

Inherit the Wind - Character Development of Matthew and Sarah Brady Ess

Inherit the Wind - Character Development of Matthew and Sarah Brady Films with intense legal themes generally present very dry, professional characters with occasional moments of character development. In the film Inherit the Wind, the head legal counsel for the prosecution, Matthew Harrison Brady, first appears as a dynamic man of the people. He and his wife, Sarah, seem to be a perfect couple in the spotlight of American politics. Both characters wear broad smiles, walk tall and proud, and sport conservative, yet fashionable attire. Sarah proudly applauds in support of her husband as he addresses the town of Hillsboro as their lead prosecutor. However, the director and screenwriter of the film continue to develop the Bradys as a couple with a long history full of emotion and love. In the scene entitled "Rachel Visits the Bradys," the characters of Matthew and Sarah Brady emerge as not only a political power couple, but as two very emotionally connected people. The director, Stanley Kramer, uses lighting, sound, and costuming in the character development of Matthew and Sarah Brady. These staging techniques accentuate the intense dialogue between Sarah and Rachel Brown, the preacher's daughter, and between Sarah and Matthew. In this scene, Rachel pays a visit to the Brady's hotel room to confront Matthew about his decision to put her on the witness stand against Bertram Cates. Instead of speaking with Matthew, Rachel and Sarah have a powerful exchange. Matthew then enters, half asleep, to hear Rachel exclaim that she is no longer a child. After Rachel's exit, Sarah and Matthew discuss the case, Matthew's integrity, and their relationship. As the conversation progresses, specific ligh... ...d when he is in public. The final scene shows the couple exchanging roles, accentuated by the rising and falling volume of voices to demonstrate tension. In public life, Matthew appears strong and confident but in their private life, Sarah acts as the source of reassurance. This role reversal suggests that in a relationship, one person cannot always be the assertive partner, but each person has to be strong at different times. In this setting, the Bradys appear to comfort each other in a very intense way. Matthew becomes vulnerable and Sarah rebuilds the image he presents in their public life. The political display they present for the town of Hillsboro is not an accurate representation of their life together. By establishing this contrast, Kramer reveals the misperceptions that result when society assumes that public life replicates private life. Inherit the Wind - Character Development of Matthew and Sarah Brady Ess Inherit the Wind - Character Development of Matthew and Sarah Brady Films with intense legal themes generally present very dry, professional characters with occasional moments of character development. In the film Inherit the Wind, the head legal counsel for the prosecution, Matthew Harrison Brady, first appears as a dynamic man of the people. He and his wife, Sarah, seem to be a perfect couple in the spotlight of American politics. Both characters wear broad smiles, walk tall and proud, and sport conservative, yet fashionable attire. Sarah proudly applauds in support of her husband as he addresses the town of Hillsboro as their lead prosecutor. However, the director and screenwriter of the film continue to develop the Bradys as a couple with a long history full of emotion and love. In the scene entitled "Rachel Visits the Bradys," the characters of Matthew and Sarah Brady emerge as not only a political power couple, but as two very emotionally connected people. The director, Stanley Kramer, uses lighting, sound, and costuming in the character development of Matthew and Sarah Brady. These staging techniques accentuate the intense dialogue between Sarah and Rachel Brown, the preacher's daughter, and between Sarah and Matthew. In this scene, Rachel pays a visit to the Brady's hotel room to confront Matthew about his decision to put her on the witness stand against Bertram Cates. Instead of speaking with Matthew, Rachel and Sarah have a powerful exchange. Matthew then enters, half asleep, to hear Rachel exclaim that she is no longer a child. After Rachel's exit, Sarah and Matthew discuss the case, Matthew's integrity, and their relationship. As the conversation progresses, specific ligh... ...d when he is in public. The final scene shows the couple exchanging roles, accentuated by the rising and falling volume of voices to demonstrate tension. In public life, Matthew appears strong and confident but in their private life, Sarah acts as the source of reassurance. This role reversal suggests that in a relationship, one person cannot always be the assertive partner, but each person has to be strong at different times. In this setting, the Bradys appear to comfort each other in a very intense way. Matthew becomes vulnerable and Sarah rebuilds the image he presents in their public life. The political display they present for the town of Hillsboro is not an accurate representation of their life together. By establishing this contrast, Kramer reveals the misperceptions that result when society assumes that public life replicates private life.

Human Memory Model Essay

What is the Human Memory Model? Do you know where your thoughts and memories go? We are going to look at the three different memory types. What makes them up and how they function. Developing short and long term memories is something that is a long term project. We do not fill our cerebral cortex with all the knowledge and memories overnight. In this paper we are going to look at the human memory model. What makes us process thoughts into memories, process things we see, hear, feel, taste and smell into memories. We are going to look at short term memory, long term memory and sensory memory types. These different types of memory models make up the structural and functional model of memory. First we look at sensory memory this is like the safety deposit box of the memory bank. Sensory memory is the processing of brief sensations that occur through the five senses. They are briefly stored in your short term memory bank. If you enter a room that has a not so pleasant smell your brain is processing this in your short term memory. You may remember the room itself, but not necessarily the smell. Sensory memory only sticks around while the stimulus is also around. Certain instances can help recall the memories like an emotional memory, the stronger the emotion, the stronger the memory. Short term memory is also referred to as working memory, the combination of transient sensory memory and extensive long term memory. New material comes in and mashes with the old information, and is managed as a working process. Not all short term thoughts get put into our long term memory vault. Some methods of retaining information are called chunking. We process letters, numbers and thoughts by grouping into chunks of seven. Phone numbers are a good example of this, two groups of three digits and one group of four digits. Maybe this is why phone numbers are formatted this way, so we can remember so many different sets of phone numbers. If you make a call one time, you may not remember that number ever again. But placing this call multiple times will store the digits in your long term memory bank. (Editorial Board, 2011 p. g. 124) With this we move right into long term memory, long term memory is something we need to work at day after day. If you are trying to study for a test, it is best to study a little bit at a time every day, cramming is not recommended. You are not supplying your brain enough repetition to store information in your long term memory bank. This method of learning has been proven over time in many ways. Episodic memories are something you experience or an event in your life. Semantic memories are items of memory that you learned at some point in your life. Items that are told to you or you read about. Learning with your semantic memory still requires repetition for it to be stored in your long term memory bank. You must listen to someone speak and understand what they are saying before you will remember it. You cannot simply just stare at them and hear what they are saying. Your undivided attention is required. Explicit and Implicit memories are described as bringing information forward for recall. Implicit memory is brought forward automatically without intentional conscious recall. Whereas, explicit memories are brought forth through conscious recall. You use explicit memories to remember family and friends birthdays or mundane information that you learned in grade school. You need to recall this information to bring it back to the surface; where implicit memories are the ones that we never forget like riding a bike or driving a car. Retrospective memory is items of information that have already been presented and stored in the long term memory bank. Prospective memory is future information such as a grocery store list without writing the needed items down. Without making the list, you could walk into the grocery store and ask yourself, â€Å"why am I here†? But with retrospective memory you could recall that your kids ran out of milk at breakfast and not everyone could have cereal. So now you remember that your list included milk. Prospective emory may spark your memory for other items that you need to get. Encoding is the initial process of recording and identifying information. Three types of codes help to make memories acoustic, visual and semantic. Acoustic code is sound, some sounds recall memories. The sound of the ocean might give you a joyful memory of your childhood. There are also sounds that might bring up bad memories, like a gun shot. When thinking of a gunshot you recall a traumatic experience where two law enforcement officers are trying to apprehend a suspect. When you arrive they are all three wrestling on the ground. Now that the law enforcement officers are fighting and shouting at the suspect, you have to try to remember who is saying what and who pulls their gun out first. Then the gunshot happens and suddenly your mind goes blank. When other officers arrive you are expected to recall what has just happened and make a statement. However, the situation was so traumatizing that you only remember two details of the scene. Visual memories are much the same, as when you see the space where this event took place you are remembering the details of the event some years later. Semantic memories understand the relationship between signifiers such as words, phrases, signs and symbols. This is what you would learn while attending school and living in mainstream America. You brain stores all of this information like a flash drive, when you want to restore this information you simply full the file and remember. (LeMee & Shaw, 1997) (Editorial Board, 2011 p. g. 121) Now where do you think all of these memories go? They must all be stored somewhere right? Of course, the information is stored in the limbric system, which includes the hippocampus and the amygdala. The hippocampus is responsible for transferring the short term memory into long term memories. The amygdala is responsible for linking emotions and memories. The hippocampus acts as the neurological message system, passing along information from long term storage in the cerebral cortex. Different parts of the hippocampus are thought to be involved in different activities, such as consolidation of spatial memories. The amygdala provides a means of retrieval by pairing emotions in an event with the memory of the event. The hippocampus and amygdala are very important functions in the brain they are certainly not the only functions. (Editorial Board, 2011 p. g. 119) The brain is a very complex organ. It is the most important organ besides the heart in the human body. Without the brain, your quality of life would be awful. Brain injuries are all too common where a hit to the head in just the right place can take away all your short term memory. This could leave you with the ability to not retain any new memories. You should always protect your brain, especially the cerebral cortex which stores all your memories.

Ap Human Geography Chapter 2 Study Guide

AP Human Geography Chapter 2 Study Guide Terms: population density – a measurement of the number of people per given unit of land  ·arithmetic population density – the population of a country or region expressed as an average per unit area  ·physiologic population density – the number of people per unit area of arable land  ·population distribution – description of locations on the Earth's surface where populations live  ·dot maps – maps where one dot represents a certain number of a phenomenon, such as population  ·megalopolis – term used to designate large coalescing supercities that are forming in diverse parts of the world  ·census – a periodic and official count of a country's population  ·doubling time – time required for a population do double population explosion – rapid growth of worlds human population during the last century  ·natural increase – population growth measured as excess of liv e births over live deaths  ·crude birth rate (CBR) – number of live births yearly per thousand people  ·crude death rate (CDR) – number of live deaths yearly per thousand people  ·demographic transition – multi stage model of changes in population growth in countries undergoing industrialization  ·stationary population level (SPL) – level at which national population ceases to grow  ·population composition – structure of a population in terms of age, sex, and other properties  ·population pyramids – visual representation of age and sex composition of a population  ·infant mortality rate (IMR) – describes the number of babies that die within the first year of their lives  ·child mortality rate (CMR) – number of children that die between the first and fifth year of their lives  ·life expectancy – how long, on average, a person may be expected to live  ·AIDS – Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome à ‚ ·chronic diseases – long lasting afflictions now more common because of higher life expectancies  ·expansive population policies – government policies that encourage large families  ·eugenic population policies – government policies to favor one racial sector  ·restrictive population olicies- government policies to reduce the rate of natural increase Notes  ·Change in population is calculated using the following: Global Population Formula – p1 = p0 + b(irths) – d(eaths) Sub-Global Population Formula – p1 = p0 + b – d + i(mports) – e(xports) Net Migration Formula – p1 – p0 + RNI + nm  ·Types of population density: arithmetic density, agricultural density, physiological density, urban density, residential density  ·Major World Population Centers – China, India, Russia, Central Europe, Asia, Northeast Africa, Northeast U. S.  ·Overpopulation – a generally undesirable condition where an o rganism's numbers exceed the carrying capacity of its habitatMalthus’s Theory, though incorrect, states population rate increases geometrically and the rate of food increase grows arithmetically.  ·Demographic Transition Model (http://www. main-vision. com/richard/demographic. htm) Stage 1: Stage one of the demographic transition model is the most primitive of the stages where there is a high fluctuating birth and death rate. Because of this there is no great population growth. These countries or even tribes have very basic living standards such as those in the Amazon rainforest where they hardly have any education, medicaments or birth rates such that population is based on food supply, health of tribe members etc.Other factors involved are no family planning therefore many children or because of the faith of the people which may look at large families as a sign of verility etc. Stage 2: In this stage of the demographic transition model there are a lot of births, however t he death rate has gone down to about 20/1000 infants who die. This results in a rise in population due to the fact that more infants are surviving. Reasons for which more people may be surviving may be better health care, improved sanitation such as water etc, more transport and medical care as well as inventions relating to this. In other words this stage involves a slight modernisation in health care raising people's living standards as well as there life expectancy.Stage 3: Stage three is the stage at which there is already a low death rate as well as a declining birth rate therefore leading to a slight increase in population. The reason for the fall in births may be due to family planning, better education, lower infant mortality rate, a more industrialised way of life and the want for more material possesions as well as women being able to go out to work. In other words these countries are in the final stages of becoming like the western countries such as the states and those i n Europe. Stage 4: Stage four is the one at which Switzerland is. There is a stable population whithout much change because both the death and birth rate are low and in some cases there are more deaths than births therefore leading to a possible stage five. Possibly a stage five? A country such as Sweden is currently entering into the negative growth rate meaning that there are less births than deaths so that the country's population size is decreasing leading to problems which will be discussed later on this page.  ·A population pyramid, also called an age structure diagram, is a graphical illustration that shows the distribution of various age groups in a population (typically that of a country or region of the world), which forms the shape of a pyramid when the population is growing.  ·There is a predicted stage 5 of population growth that will level off at 10 billion people. The world’s population will progressively increase until it ultimately reaches this point.  ·Geography of health is the application of geographical information, perspectives, and methods to the study of health, disease, and health care. Epidemiological transition is a phase of development witnessed by a sudden and stark increase in population growth rates brought about by medical innovation in disease or sickness therapy and treatment, followed by a re-leveling of population growth from subsequent declines in fertility rates. The epidemiological transition model represents the developments resulting from epidemiological transition (disease and treatment).  ·The People's Republic of China has pursued anti-natalist policies, notably the ‘one-child’ strategy, for over a decade. While anti-natalist government policies may be instrumental in lowering birth rate, state coercion may have unexpected and damaging results; reports in 1995 suggested that abortion of female children had become common in China, so that male : female sex ratios at birth had become grotesq uely imbalanced.

Essay about Fahrenheit 451

Essay about Fahrenheit 451 Essay about Fahrenheit 451 F451 Analytical Essay First Draft The novel Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury is about a firefighter named Guy Montag, who lives in a futuristic society where books have been banned by the government that fears of an independent-thinking society. It is the job of firefighters to burn any books on sight. After Montag meets Clarisse on his way home, Clarisse challenges him by asking, â€Å"Are you happy?† (Bradbury 10). This simple question causes Montag’s to change and causes everything that follows in the novel. Montag grows increasingly dissatisfied with his life and starts to wonder if perhaps books aren’t so bad. He relies on an old ex-professor named Faber that agrees to work with Montag against the government. Faber says at one point, â€Å"Those who don’t build, burn.† What Faber is saying is similar to an old saying- "If you're not part of the solution, you're part of the problem." This basically means that people who aren't willing to help or contribute to a group or a society are the ones more likely to make it worse or bring it down, which is what the whole society is doing, for instance the many superficial relationships in the novel, and other real life examples. The novel has numerous examples of superficial relationships, which goes along with what Faber said. An example is Montag and his wife, Mildred. Mildred is just like everyone in this society; instead of caring about Montag and loving him, she goes along with society and doesn’t realize that its making Montag not care about her anymore, we can start seen this when Montag asks her when and where did they meet, and Mildred didn’t remember and says â€Å"It doesn’t matter† (Bradbury 43), this clearly shows that she has no interest in their relationship. Also when the author writes â€Å"And he remembered thinking then that if she died, he was certain he wouldn’t cry† (Bradbury 44). This quote means that Montag and Mildred didn’t love each other like they are supposed to, and makes it another reason why Montag goes against the government. This example can relate to our world in many ways, for instance some marriages today. Millions are gett ing divorced because they don’t care about each other and this is making their family tear apart perhaps affecting their children. Beatty and Montag is another example of a superficial relationship in the novel. Beatty is the captain of Montag’s fire department. He hates books and people who like reading them. He is devious, and so perceptive that he appears to read Montag’s thoughts. Beatty is so used to the way things are in this society that he does not realize that killing books and people is not a bad thing, this is illustrated when Montag and Beatty go to a house to burn the books and the woman that owned the books wanted to be burned with her books and Montag says â€Å"You’re not leaving her here? (Bradbury 38). Montag didn’t want to leave the woman there but Beatty didn’t care and explains to Montag that it’s not important, and eventually he burns her with her books. Beatty is the perfect example of this society, brainwashed and isolated from individual thoughts, and not trying to make their society better. When Beatty says- â€Å"What is fire? It's a

Advice From an Energy-Efficient Architect

Advice From an Energy-Efficient Architect The most energy-efficient houses function like living things. They are designed to capitalize on the local environment and to respond to the climate. Australian architect and Pritzker Prize-Winner Glenn Murcutt is known for designing earth-friendly homes that imitate nature. Even if you live far from Australia, you can apply Glenn Murcutts ideas to your own home-building project. 1. Use Simple Materials Forget the polished marble, imported tropical wood, and costly brass and pewter. A Glenn Murcutt home is unpretentious, comfortable, and economical. He uses inexpensive materials that are readily available in his native Australian landscape. Notice, for example, Murcutts Marie Short House. The roof is corrugated metal, the window louvers are enameled steel, and the walls are timber from a nearby sawmill.   How does using local materials save energy? Think of the energy used beyond your own home- what fossil fuels were burned to get supplies to your work site? how much air was polluted to create cement or vinyl? 2. Touch the Earth Lightly Glenn Murcutt is fond of quoting the Aboriginal proverb touch the earth lightly because it expresses his concern for nature. Building in the Murcutt way means taking special measures to safeguard the surrounding landscape.   Nestled in an arid Australian forest, the Ball-Eastaway House in Glenorie, Sydney NSW, Australia hovers above the earth on steel stilts. The main structure of the building is supported by steel columns and steel I-beams. By raising the house above the earth, with no need for deep excavation, Murcutt protected the dry soil and surrounding trees.   The curved roof prevents dry leaves from settling on top. An exterior fire extinguishing system provides emergency protection from forest blazes that are so prevalent in Australia. Constructed between 1980 and 1983, the Ball-Eastaway house was built as an artists retreat. The architect thoughtfully placed the windows and meditation decks to create a sense of seclusion while still providing scenic views of the Australian landscape. The occupants become part of the landscape. 3. Follow the Sun Prized for their energy efficiency, Glenn Murcutts houses capitalize on natural light. Their shapes are unusually long and low, and they often feature verandas, skylights, adjustable louvers, and movable screens. Horizontal linearity is an enormous dimension of this country, and I want my buildings to feel part of that, Murcutt has said. Notice the linear form and expansive windows of Murcutts Magney House. Stretching across a barren, wind-swept site overlooking the ocean, the home is designed to capture the sun. 4. Listen to the Wind Even in the hot, tropical climate of Australias Northern Territory, houses by Glenn Murcutt do not need air conditioning. Ingenious systems for ventilation assure that cooling breezes circulate through open rooms. At the same time, these houses are insulated from the heat and protected from strong cyclone winds. Murcutts Marika-Alderton House is often compared to a plant because the slatted walls open and close like petals and leaves. When we get hot, we perspire, says Murcutt. Buildings should do similar things. 5. Build to the Environment Every landscape creates different needs. Unless you live in Australia, you are not likely to build a house that duplicates a Glenn Murcutt design. You can, however, adapt his concepts to any climate or topography. The best way to learn about Glenn Murcutt is to read his own words. In the slim paperback Touch This Earth Lightly Murcutt discusses his life and describes how he developed his philosophies. In the words of Murcutt: Our building regulations are supposed to prevent the worst; they in fact fail to stop the worst, and at best frustrate the best- they certainly sponsor mediocrity. I’m trying to produce what I call minimal buildings, but buildings that respond to their environment.† In 2012 Great Britains Olympic Delivery Authority (ODA) rigorously used sustainability principles similar to Murcutts to develop Olympic Park, now called Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park. See how this urban revitalization happened in How to Reclaim the Land - 12 Green Ideas. In light of climate change, why cant our institutions mandate energy efficiency in our buildings? In Glenn Murcutts Own Words: Life is not about maximizing everything, its about giving something back - like light, space, form, serenity, joy.- Glenn Murcutt Touch This Earth Lightly: Glenn Murcutt in His Own Words ​​Source: Biography by Edward Lifson, Director of Communications, The Pritzker Architecture Prize (PDF) [accessed August 27, 2016]

Adversarial System vs Inquisitorial System Essay

Adversarial System vs Inquisitorial System - Essay Example They state that after one side of the proceedings wins the case, there is always a sense of closure for those who have been involved in the case. Moreover, it is always rare to find anyone who has any grievance concerning how the proceedings took place, because they believe that justice has been done. On the other hand, the proponents of the inquisitorial judicial system often state that this system is more suitable because it caters for social change as well as ensuring the creation of an efficient policy for court proceedings. This creates an environment where cases are dealt with swiftly and efficiently, and because the court has a hand in the investigations, it is a rare thing for false evidence to be presented. Moreover, the inquisitorial proceedings help ensure that the cost of legal proceedings remains low, because the court caters for the expenditure of the investigations being carried out (Ringnalda 120). When one closely considers these systems, one would say that the inqui sitorial system is more efficient in dealing with cases than adversarial system. In this paper, we shall analyze both of these systems and their application in various situations, assessing their strengths and weaknesses. The adversarial system is a judicial system that involves two opposing parties being represented by advocates, who defend the position of these parties before a group of people who are considered objective. In most of the cases handled under an adversarial system, the divergent parties present their cases before a judge for arbitration. This system is quite different from the inquisitorial system, where a judge, or a group of them, has a direct hand in the investigation of the cases, which have been brought before them. This is an advantage over the inquisitorial system because in such a system, there is always likelihood that the judge may be impartial in making decisions concerning the case. Consequently, the judge may end up making a decision in favor of the par ty to which he or she is partial. This is not the case in an adversarial system because the purpose of the judge is to listen to the proceedings and make a balanced decision based on the evidence presented by the parties involved. In this system, it does not matter which side is correct as long as the evidence presented gives an advantage to one party. The adversarial system is used in almost every country that practices common law, although there are exceptions in some instances, especially where the common law cannot be applied. This system has a structure of two sides, one dedicated to the defense, while the other is dedicated to the prosecution. The structure operates in a way that puts the defense against the prosecution, and the side that is able to make the more convincing argument ends up winning the case. This structure is set up in a way that justice is only achieved when the side with the best argument wins, despite the fact that the side that wins may be in the wrong. Th erefore, it is the task either of both the defense and the prosecution to convince a judge or in some cases a jury, that they are right. It is for the jury to decide which side has given a more convincing argument, and come up with a verdict (â€Å"Adversarial and Inquisitorial Legal Systems†). This is not the case in an inquisitorial system, because the parties involved might feel that they are at the mercy of the judge presiding over the case. Such a situation would make these parties not to be confident in the legal proceedings. They might feel that the judge might not have their best interests at heart when making decisions. Another advantage which the adversarial sys